Longshore drift continually erodes Adelaide's southern beaches and causes sand build up along its northern beaches. Two sand pumping pipelines were installed to enable transfer of sand back to the southern beaches without the need for carting. The Glenelg-Kingston Park pipeline pumps an average of 100,000m3 of sand per year; the Torrens Outlet to West Beach pipeline is currently under maintenance.

This project trialled a novel mangrove pod design that prevented wave action, thereby promoting mangrove establishment. The project also aimed to engage with local communities and stakeholders to promote awareness of nature-based coastal defences. 210 pods were deployed, each with a single mangrove seed or seedling inside. 21% of seedlings had sprouted just 41 days after deployment. As of mid 2022, mangroves are surviving and monitoring is still ongoing to measure any long-term impacts on shoreline erosion. The project was completed by Melbourne University’s National Centre for Coasts and Climate in partnership with Hobsons Bay council. It was funded by a Climate Change Innovation Grant from the Victorian Department of Land Water and Planning. Related projects at Grantville and Lang Lang, VIC were also funded with this grant.

This project is in its early stages as the strategy was finalised in 2020. The strategy focuses heavily on nature-based solutions and solutions requiring minimal interference in natural processes. All works fall under state legislation that allows for small works of this type to be completed without needing permits. The project is expected to cost between $150,000 if sand fencing is not used, to $530,000 with sand fencing.

Parts of this cliff dominated section of coastline may be at risk of erosion due to both wave action at the base of cliffs and stormwater erosion on the tops of cliffs. To prevent erosion on the cliff top, natural vegetation is encouraged through restriction of pedestrian and vehicle access as well as carefully managed weed control. Some active revegetation is undertaken to restore and maintain the sensitive biodiversity of the area. The area is monitored through annual bushland condition monitoring and aerial terrain captures that form part of the ongoing coastal monitoring program funded equally between state and local government. The program appears to be successful in preventing erosion so far and has provided confidence in understanding risk levels and the suitability of soft nature-based approaches.

This project focused on restoring and maintaining the dune system at Clifton Beach Reserve, a popular recreational area. Revegetation was undertaken by Wildcare Deslacs with a grant from Clarence City Council and volunteer assistance. Ongoing weed removal is also undertaken. The project is primarily a habitat restoration project, with dune stabilisation as a co-benefit.

The bank of the estuary was experiencing significant erosion and destabilisation. Hardwood logs and hardwood marine piles were installed and riparian vegetation planted to restabilise the bank and encourage a natural system. As of 2021, the bank profile was more natural, there is significant sediment accumulation, mangroves have been naturally establishing, and fauna have begun to use the habitat created. The project has been so successful that the council plans on implementing the same technique in other areas impacted by erosion.

Duranbah Beach has high recreational and economic value even though it is small, as it has a well known, consistent surf break. The northern end of the beach is eroding due to longshore drift. To address this, the beach is nourished twice a year with sand sourced as part of the Tweed Sand Bypass project, which takes accumulated sand from the mouth of the Tweed River and deposits it in various beaches to the north (see Tweed Sand Bypass project page). Additionally, the surf break is in large part determined by the sand conditions of the Tweed River delta, and thus the maintenance of the sand delta through the bypass system also maintains the surf break.

Prior to 2011 Elwood beach was eroding at 0.7m/year, which has now been reduced to close to zero erosion after being renourished and having a rock groyne installed. Success can likely be attributed to the combination of the groyne and the coarse and heavier quarry sand used, which does not erode as fast as the fine sand found in the same sediment compartment as the beach. The sand renourishment cost the state government around $2m and $1m for the construction of the rock groyne.

The saltmarsh at Franklin Harbour Park was severely degraded due to damage from vehicles, which was resulting in erosion. Formal vehicle access points were put in place and the saltmarsh is reestablishing successfully.

The dunes at Glenelg beach are being restored through a $50,000 Green Adelaide grant with significant volunteer support as well. The project has focused on weed removal so far, with over 6000 plants to be planted later in 2022. This revegetation work is expected to stabilise the dunes and prevent further erosion.

This project trialled a novel mangrove pod design that prevented wave action, thereby promoting mangrove establishment. The project also aimed to engage with local communities and stakeholders to promote awareness of nature-based coastal defences. 210 pods were deployed, each with a single mangrove seed or seedling inside. As of mid 2022, mangroves are surviving and monitoring is still ongoing to measure any long-term impacts on shoreline erosion. The project was completed by Melbourne University’s National Centre for Coasts and Climate in partnership with Hobsons Bay council. It was funded by a Climate Change Innovation Grant from the Victorian Department of Land Water and Planning. Related projects at Altona and Lang Lang, VIC were also funded with this grant.

Hallett Cove Beach is an exposed beach mostly used for walking, fishing and diving, with the closest built infrastructure approximately 80m behind the foredune. The beach is periodically eroded during storm tides, around the mouth of the Field River and along constructed embankments of Heron Way Reserve. City of Marion uses soft approaches to stabilise the dunes to prevent further erosion. Revegetation, access restriction and sand drift fencing have all been used successfully, with only minor erosion of the dunes seen after storm tide events in 2020-2021. City of Marion delivers an annual coastal monitoring program that assess impacts of annual storm tides and changing sea levels, wind and wave conditions. This includes specialist data capture along with a community citizen science CoastSnap photomonitoring program. The project is funded equally by the local and state governments.

This project aims to restore fish habitat as well as protect built infrastructure including an old rock wall, recreational areas, and the community's environmental values. Thousands of mangroves will be planted in 2022-2023. This is part of a larger federal funded project being led by Ozfish in partnership with MPS, Melbourne Water and Bass Coast Landcare Network. The project required approval from Parks Victoria under the Marine and Coastal Act 2018.

The dunes at Holdfast Bay were once 10-20 m tall and extended 200-300 m landward, but were severely eroded and trapped by development by the 1980s. Rip-rap rocks were put in followed by sand drift fencing. As the sand fencing caught wind-blown sand over the years, successive iterations of fencing were put in seaward that have continued to catch sand and restore the dunes to a miniature version of their former selves. The fencing and revegetation has successfully restored the primary dune structure and swale. The dunes began to be revegetated once the first set of fencing was installed and have continued to be revegetated over decades. Introduced Marram grass was originally used to revegetate and stabilise the newly trapped sand but this has now become a significant weed. The original planting densities are unknown, however, the most recent management plan details the species and densities that are now being planted (link below). Current management focuses on further revegetation and weed control, primarily to create better habitat and restore locally native species. Currently, there are no plans to further increase coastal protection aspects, aside from the erosion control that revegetation will provide. Some extra fencing was put in place in 2019, with the same materials as before, some of which was successful.

Kingscliff Beach is the only foreshore in the Tweed Shire that has significant community assets at risk from erosion. It is the most highly visited beach in the area, with community assets along the foreshore and local businesses directly behind that. Tweed Shire Council considered ongoing sand nourishment to manage the erosion, but after a major erosion event realised this wouldn't be sustainable. The decision was made to put in a 650m seawall. This has led to episodic erosion both in front of and on either side of the wall. Since construction of the wall artificial nourishment has not been successful but allowing natural processes to replenish the beach has retained a healthy beach width most of the time. The renourishment now focuses on opportunistically replenishing either end of the beach when sediment becomes available from river or creek dredging. The nourishment goes up to and includes the dunes. The dunes are revegetated by both natural recruitment and supplementary planting. Interestingly, the most recent nourishment of sediment from the estuarine area was quite coarse, and the dunes have been much slower to revegetate on their own since that renourishment.

The mouth of the Kolan river was eroding and causing substantial fine sediment transport to the nearby Great Barrier Reef. To try and stabilise the banks, the gradient of the banks was made shallower and large tree trunks were drilled into the ground. The site was then revegetated with native seedlings and mangroves to further stabilise the banks. The project is expected to prevent 5000 tonnes of sediment from reaching the reef each year, and has already shown to be effective in reducing erosion during storm events in early 2022. The success of the project is being monitored via water quality sampling. The bank stabilisation aspect of the project was funded by the Reef trust through the Burnett Mary Regional Group Discovery Coast project. The re-vegetation work was funded by Bundaberg Sugar.

After the estuary mouth (The "Entrance") was widened, properties upstream were subjected to much stronger tidal flows and storm related erosion. Over the last 60 years or so, individual landowners have gradually used dead tea tree logs and brushes to create informal groynes adjacent to their properties. The dead vegetation allows significant water flow through while trapping sand and sediment, and also allows some spillover of sediment which somewhat helps mitigate the classic lopsided sand accumulation associated with groynes. The newest groynes were put in place in 2019, and have already trapped over 40cm of sand height. As a result, some grasses and other native beach vegetation have started naturally establishing on the permanently trapped sediment toward the landward ends of the groynes. Waves caused by storm events once reached the vegetation level, sometimes resulting in die off; the waves now break directly onto the sand banks and pose little risk of erosion. The positive effect is especially obvious compared to properties further downstream which are experiencing severe erosion without the groynes. As the groynes naturally decompose over time, they are occasionally topped up by landowners using any dead wood found on their properties.

Tropical Cyclone Debbie caused extensive erosion in March 2017. This renourishment followed preliminary work that was completed in November 2018 where sand was pushed from the tidal zone up against the eroded front dune. The project successfully restored the dune structure. The sand for this project was sourced from North Queensland Bulk Ports land at Mackay Harbour and Kochs Road, Coningsby.

This project trialled a novel mangrove pod design that prevented wave action, thereby promoting mangrove establishment. The project also aimed to engage with local communities and stakeholders to promote awareness of nature-based coastal defences. 105 pods were deployed, each with a single mangrove seed or seedling inside. The project was completed by Melbourne University’s National Centre for Coasts and Climate in partnership with Hobsons Bay council. It was funded by a Climate Change Innovation Grant from the Victorian Department of Land Water and Planning. Related projects at Grantville and Altona, VIC were also funded with this grant. Unfortunately, none of the mangroves at this location survived in the long term, however there was survival at the other two project locations.

Nearly the entire dune system on the point was significantly destabilised due to rutile mining, fire, vehicles, winds and stock grazing. A local action group of area residents undertook substantial revegetation of the area, which has successfully stabilised the sand and led to subsequent vegetation self-seeding. The group received a Tasmanian Landcare award for the work. Unfortunately, some of the species used to stabilise the area such as Marram grass (Ammophila spp), are now considered weeds and are in the process of being removed. However, the dunes are expected to remain stable from the other species that have colonised naturally. Other weeds are also being removed from the shoreline including tree lupin (Lupinus arboreus) and sea spurge (Euphorbia paralias) in order to restore and preserve the important shorebird nesting habitat in the area.

The Mackay Coasts and Communities program is a strategy for the Mackay region, covering many individual sites. The plan has significant recommendations for NBS-focused management of the area. See the links below for more details.

Marengo Beach backs onto the Great Ocean Road, a highly popular tourist road. The beach was renourished with sand dredged from a nearby harbour to prevent erosion and storm damage for affecting this important infrastructure. More renourishment is planned to continue to build the resilience of the beach to coastal hazards.

This beach was artificially created against the prevailing winds, and thus relies completely on artificial nourishment to prevent erosion of the heritage bluestone seawall and road. The beach is currently eroding at over 10m per year. It is renourished back to a width of 35m at high tide every 3 years. The beach is needing to be renourished more and more often due to the increasing frequency and severity of storm erosion events. As a result, the $3m in state funding allocated for the 2010-2024 period ran out early in 2020, as each renourishment costs at least $1m. Possible reasons for the lack of erosion control from renourishment alone are that the area is more exposed than adjacent areas that have found more success with renourishment. Some fencing has been put in to protect the dune areas in an attempt to encourage sand accumulation at a cost of $20,000. This dune vegetation provides a small sand reserve to protect against storm events, but does little to prevent the ongoing beach erosion from the prevailing conditions.

This revegetation project has been completed by the volunteer Balcombe Estuary Reserve Group (BERG). Along with ensuring ongoing dune stability, the project aims to enhance biodiversity of the dunes, including restoring the threatened Coast Banksia Woodland. All costs were funded by community grants from the Port Phillip Bay Fund.

This project investigated the potential of restoring oyster reefs in the Noosa estuary. 14 reefs were constructed in 2017 from three pyramid-style stacks of three coir bags, each filled with oyster shell. 10 of the reefs were subsequently removed in February 2019 due to damage from boat strike. At the remaining reefs, the coir bags were degraded by 2020 and the shell material had spilled out, undermining oyster recruitment. However, despite these drawbacks, some oyster recruitment did occur at an average density of around 340 oysters/sqm. The largest oyster measured was 8.85cm. These results indicate that there is potential for successful oyster reef restoration at the site; however, more community engagement and clearer signage is needed to prevent boat strike, and stronger material should be used to prevent premature degradation.

Palm Beach is exposed significantly to erosion and did not have a sufficient natural store of sand to protect infrastructure from storm damage and erosion. To address this, the beach was first renourished in 2017, followed by installation of an artificial reef in 2019. The project is being monitored closely, with initial results indicating desired sand build up.

Penrhyn Estuary holds great ecological importance as it includes saltmarsh, seagrass, mangroves, intertidal flats and it is frequented by migratory shorebirds. When the facilities at Port Botany were expanded there was a need to reclaim ~63 ha of Penrhyn Estuary. This and previous stressors led to a decline in seagrass area from 65,821 m2 in 2002 prior to construction works commencing, to 698 m2 in February 2007. Significant restoration and revegetation works were undertaken as part of the Port Botany Habitat Enhancement Plan, which has resulted in a doubling of saltmarsh area with higher than baseline biodiversity and condition. The seagrass restoration was less successful and the 6.5ha originally created is declining, potentially due to pre-existing stressors that exacerbated the original decline. See the Habitat Enhancement Plan and Post Construction Report linked below for detailed information on the methods, successes and lessons from the project.

Uncontrolled access was preventing vegetation establishing to stabilise the foredune. Dune fencing has been put in to: - better manage and conserve the dunes to maintain the sanded beach area for the public, life saving services and several community clubs, - provide wider and better defined access to the beach, - protect and enhance fragile native dune grasses, - buffer the increasing severity and frequency of storm events, - reduce sand drift onto the foreshore pedestrian and bike paths. The 1.8km dune fencing cost approximately $60,000 in 2012. The fencing better balanced users access needs and successfully led to a net increase in dunal grasses of 3733m2 (31,524m2 to 35,257m2), made up of around 15 native grass species (including species of regional significance) which have been able to self seed. The sand retained by the grasses has provided a sand reserve or sand bank from erosion events to replenish the beach sand, however its effectiveness is likely to reduce against the expected inundation levels and changed climatic conditions in the future.

The NSW Department of Primary Industries constructed trial shellfish reefs at two sites (Kaura and Myall) in the Port Stephens estuary to increase habitat, enhance water quality and stabilise the shoreline. 7,500 tonnes of rock and 180 m3 of recycled shell were used to create reef bases, creating 7.5ha of reef habitat. Construction took 159 days to complete and the project is being closely monitored to determine its success and inform future oyster reef projects. So far, over 55 million oysters have recruited, growing up to 3/4 of the size of wild adults in 22 months. The project has seen significant habitat improvement for other marine species as well.

This project began with beach scraping in 2016 to raise low lying parts of the dune area between residential properties and the beach. This cost $30,000 and required local approvals. Revegetation of the upper dunes was then undertaken in 2018 to help contain any water that may make it across during strong storm surges. The revegetation work cost $15,000 and required state government approvals. Along with coastal protection, this project aimed to enhance biodiversity of the dunes.

An artificial shellfish reef was installed 100m from shore, parallel to shore, built to resemble a breakwater. The reef was made from cages filled with natural rock and consolidated shell, and was then seeded with mussels. The project has successfully decreased inundation events, increased sand accumulation, and has also led to re-establishment of seagrass in the shallow waters. The project required consent from DELWP Marine & Coastal as well as a Parks Victoria works authority.

The primary goal of this project was to add bulk to the existing dunes to protect the dunes and nearby houses from erosion and inundation arising from extreme storm events. Modelling was done which showed that to protect the dunes and houses the dune needed to consistently be 3m high and 25m wide (from dune front to house boundaries). An intensive beach habitat assessment on macroinvertebrate life in the dune sands was undertaken which found that the macroinvertebrate diversity was critically important to the local ecosystem. Taking this into account, the works involved "filling in" low points and widening areas that are less than 25m wide. The area and shoreline movement is being monitored using high resolution aerial mapping. Since the project was completed, there have been mild to medium intensity storm events which the replenished dune system has successfully resisted. Moving forward, the council, as part of the development of the draft Roches Beach Hazard Adaptation Pathway Strategy, is looking at dune protection options such as pumping sand from nearshore (5-10m depth) for a more sustainable source. However, this will require a significantly larger volume of sand as the sediment is finer than beach sand. As part of the new Clarence Coastal Policy, council is also planning on moving toward future adaptation options (including sand nourishments) using a beneficiary-pays principle.

This revegetation project primarily aims to restabilise the upper layer of sand which was blowing into nearby recreational reserves, as well as enhance the vegetation of the area. The project is led by the volunteer Friends of Rosebud Beach and Foreshore, with support from Mornington Peninsula Shire, and has been successful in its aims.

A dune was constructed to house a biofiltration unit. Increased volume of the dune to prevent storm surges is a co-benefit of this project. The project was funded by Mornington Peninsula Shire, Melbourne Water and the Victorian Department of Land, Water and Planning (via the Port Phillip Bay Fund).

This project uses sand dredged from the nearby boat ramp to replenish beaches that are eroding. The project requires state government approval under the Marine and Coastal Act and is funded by the Better Boating Initiative of the Victorian Government.

This revegetation project primarily aims to restabilise the upper layer of sand which was blowing into nearby recreational reserves and a carpark. The project is run by the volunteer Friends of Rye Foreshore Reserve Group.

This project uses sand dredged from the nearby boat ramp to replenish beaches that are eroding. The project requires state government approval under the Marine and Coastal Act and is funded by the Better Boating Initiative of the Victorian Government.

Built assets and a recreational beach were deemed to be at risk of erosion. The estuary mouth of Sandhills Creek was relocated further south to address this. The project has successfully prevented further erosion.

This project uses sand dredged from the nearby boat ramp to replenish beaches that are eroding. The project requires state government approval under the Marine and Coastal Act and is funded by the Better Boating Initiative of the Victorian Government.

Sections of the riverbanks at Scott's Point were eroding rapidly due to a combination of boat wake, historical riparian clearing and nearby channel dredging, combined with natural processes such as floods, wind waves, catchment runoff, soil type and tidal influence. Previous methods including stock exclusion, riparian revegetation, transplanting Juncus sp. (rushes), bank battering and jute matting were not effective against the high rate of erosion. Rock fillets were installed to dissipate water movement and allow mangrove re-establishment on the banks. Dense trees, shrubs and ground cover plants were then planted behind the rock fillets, with substantial volunteer assistance. The project led to natural regeneration of mangrove and saltmarsh species and successful restabilisation of the banks.

Over 6000ha of seagrass habitat has been lost from the Adelaide coastline. This initiative, led by Ozfish Unlimited, has so far planted over 15,000 seagrass seeds sewn into 800 hessian bags. The project has relied mainly on volunteers, with 350 volunteers involved in 2021. More planting is planned for November 2022, with a final goal of 10ha of restored seagrass habitat. While the primary goal of the project is habitat restoration, sediment stabilisation is an expected co-benefit. The Seeds for Snapper project is being funded by Green Adelaide, NAVICO and BCF. Other project partners and advisors include the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), Cruising Yacht Club of South Australia (CYCSA), Primary Industries and Regions SA, Estuary Care Foundation (ECF), RecFishSA, and the Environmental Protection Authority-SA.

This project uses sand dredged from the nearby boat ramp to replenish beaches that are eroding. The project requires state government approval under the Marine and Coastal Act and is funded by the Better Boating Initiative of the Victorian Government.

The project was primarily attempting to test a method of seagrass transplantation. The method involved planting whole plant plus surrounding sediment ("plug") on sediment stabilised by artificial seagrass mats. The seagrass itself did not prevent any significant sediment movement.

The dunes experienced a 70% die-off of Alyxia buxifolia, the dominant plant species. Revegetation was needed to restore the dunes' biodiversity. Biodegradable guards and tree guards as well Cocoon Aid incubators were used to assist revegetation success. Increased erosion control as a result of the revegetation was a co-benefit of the habitat restoration work.

The beach and dunes at Turners Beach have been the subject of ongoing rehabilitation works since 1998. Since 2006, the western and central sections have experienced overall accretion, while the eastern section has continued to show some erosion due to pedestrian access. Overall, "historical photographs and community surveys showed that human access control using boardwalks and vegetation replanting has been successful. Dune fencing was also found to have partly contributed to rehabilitation success, while placement of rocks along the shoreline appeared to have had mixed results, and information signs were found to be the least successful management practice." - excerpt from Johnston and Ellison, 2014.

There are lots of individual dune revegetation and rehabilitation projects in the Tweed area which are partially funded by the council, but also rely on volunteers and community groups. The primary goal of these projects is habitat restoration, with dune stabilisation as a co-benefit.

In some areas of the Tweed River Estuary, banks have eroded by 20-30m since the 1960s due to tidal flow, river flow and boat wake. This was associated with the loss of mangrove habitat and subsequent bank destabilisation. Rock fillets have been installed over the years at several sites to protect the remaining mangroves, encourage natural revegetation and stabilise the bank. Mangroves have successfully recolonised behind the rock fillets without the need for manual revegetation. Some of the work has been on private land working with land owners to protect their property and make the riverbanks more robust.

Esplanade Beach in Victor Harbor is relatively sheltered and experiences cycles of erosion and accretion. A particularly significant erosion cycle occurred 2004 to 2011 which was accompanied by installation of protection items and sandbag groynes. This has been complemented over time with other management such as dune drift fencing, sand nourishment and restoration of dune vegetation. The use of sand and seaweed wrack mix has been used to buffer wave action in front of the foredune in some locations. As they have been successful so far, the most recent Coastal Adaptation Study and Strategy supports further use of renourishment and dune maintenance into the future, with the possibility for the construction of hard infrastructure if necessary.

West Beach is subject to higher erosion pressures than nearby beaches, with estimated annual sand losses of up to 100,000m3. The beach originally received around 60,000m3 of sand each year from the Adelaide sand pumping system, however this was not sufficient to address the speed of the erosion. After a storm event exposed a sand pumping pipeline, 100,000m3 was carted from the nearby Semaphore South breakwater over 2018-2019. An additional 500,000m3 of sand is being carted for the 2019-2023 period at the cost of $20m, and a new sand pipeline to continually pump sand from the Semaphore South breakwater is being built at a cost of $28.4m. Some dune restoration works are also being undertaken in association with local councils and community groups, including dune construction, stabilisation with jute mesh and revegetation.

This project involved the staged rehabilitation of an eroding riverbank at Emigrant Creek, a tributary of the Richmond River, approximately 7km upriver from the ocean. Beginning in 2007, rock fillets and embedded timber snags were installed to encourage mangrove and saltmarsh regeneration. After each stage of the installation, mangroves and saltmarsh communities quickly colonised and established, successfully stabilising the riverbank.

The Nerang River entrance was moving northward by up to 60 metres per year, preventing safe boat navigation and threatening built infrastructure to the north. After an intensive environmental study, the Queensland government installed two breakwaters at the mouth of the river, as well as a sand pumping system at a cost of $50 million. The sand pump removes sand from the southern (leeward) side of the river entrance and pumps it under the seaway to the beaches of nearby Stradbroke Island. The system currently pumps 500,000 cubic metres of sand every year, successfully maintaining both a safely navigable channel and preventing further shoreline retreat.

The Gold Coast northern beaches are impacted by storms and king tides, which compromises the foreshore infrastructure and affects beachgoers. This project will build on the existing sand pumping pipeline at the Gold Coast Seaway. Currently, the existing bypass pumps sand to South Stradbroke Island; this will be extended so that sand can be pumped to the northern Gold Coast beaches, including Surfers Paradise. The pipeline will have the ability to redirect approximately 120,000 cubic metres of sand per year.

This project was completed as part of a PhD thesis by Thomas Hurst, Deakin university. "This experiment consisted of planting over 3,000 nursery raised seedlings as well as directly planting over 300 propagules across seven sites at varying proximities to remnant patches of mangrove forest and at different heights on the shore (inundation durations). Survival and growth of seedlings were monitored over two years and results showed that hydrodynamic energy, including tidal, wave and current energy, were the main factors associated with reduced survival of young seedlings." - excerpt from Hurst (2018)

This project aimed to protect the ecologically important Towra Lagoon by building up a protective dune in front of it. Beach alignment was restored by pumping sand from around the Towra Spit Island area back to the front of the Towra Beach.

Wooli beach has a long history of coastal instability, and the local village is at significant risk from storm erosion and long term coastline recession. A trial beach renourishment was undertaken in 2019 at a cost of $80,000, complemented by $20,000 in dune revegetation. The trial was funded by Clarence Valley Council, NSW Government and Coastal Communities Protect Alliance - Wooli (CCPA). Due to the trial's success, the most recent Beach Management Strategy finalised in 2021 recommends continuing to focus on nature-based solutions, including beach scraping, mechanical dune reshaping, dune fencing and revegetation. Similar costs to the 2019 trial are expected for future operations.

North Aspendale Beach is subject to erosion due to the nearby Mordialloc Pier restricting natural sand movement. The beach is periodically nourished with fine grained sand from dredging works in the entrance of Mordialloc Creek. In 2005, the Victorian Government and Kingston City Council funded an erosion protection trial consisting of a 50-metre geotextile sandbag seawall. In the future, it is recommended that coarser, land-derived sand be used to slow erosion, as this erodes more slowly than the fine estuarine sediment.

Areas of Blacksmiths Beach were damaged and eroding due to unmanaged off-road vehicle access. Dredged material from the nearby Swansea Channel was deposited on Blacksmiths Beach, complemented by low-density revegetation and exclusion of vehicles. While the revegetation offset the damage done by the sand placement, no clear ecological benefit of the works was found in a study by Cooke et al., 2020.

The rate of erosion at the beach was drastically increased after a severe storm in 2015. In response, Central Coast Council and the NSW Government committed $1 million to address this, including a coastal monitoring program, a temporary sandbag seawall and a beach scraping campaign to build up the dunes. A general trend of accretion has been observed at Ocean Beach since the project.

The Narrabeen Lagoon entrance periodically fills with sand transported from storm tide events and trapped by the lagoon. This causes increased flood risk for built and recreational infrastructure during heavy rainfall and king tides, as water cannot escape the estuary rapidly. Sand is periodically removed from the lagoon entrance and placed on the nextdoor Narrabeen and Collaroy beaches, which are experiencing substantial erosion pressures. This project successfully addresses the flood risk at the lagoon, but the renourishment is not enough to address the ongoing erosion at the beaches.

The Tweed River training walls trap sand, preventing natural replenishment at Coolangatta Beach. To address this, the beach has been continually nourished over the past 30 years. Often the sand pumping provides more sand than is being eroded from the beach, resulting in significant sand accretion at the site over time.

Yearly sand renourishment occurs to replenish sand lost to sand drift that has been exacerbated by development of the bay. Around 20,000 cubic metres of sand is transported annually to keep up with losses of around the same volume. Moving forward the council is looking into sand back-passing, potentially coordinated with a nearby dredging program, to make the renourishment more cost effective in the long term.

Jimmy's Beach is eroded each year primarily from storm events, particularly the east coast low pressure systems that cause strong swell each winter. The current management plan involves renourishing erosion hotspots along the beach as needed after storm events, as well as overall nourishment each autumn to construct a sacrificial buffer of sand before the storm season. Sand dredged from the nearby Lower Myall River is stockpiled at Winda Woppa to the south of the beach, and then used from there as needed. In 2019, a permanent sand pumping system was installed to enable easier movement from the stockpile at Winda Woppa. This stockpiling and as-needed renourishment method is successful in terms of minimising effort and costs, with yearly maintenance costing around $200,000/year. The $4.1 million project was funded by NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, MidCoast Council and the Department of Primary Industries Crown Lands and Water.

Sand bypassing is undertaken to address siltation within the two channels. The project is considered successful both at addressing erosion on the nearby beaches and providing continued safe navigation through the channels.

Byron Shire Council conducts periodic beach scraping at New Brighton Beach to restore sand eroded from the dune face by storm events back and rebuild dunes. The scraping is then promptly followed up with dune revegetation and pedestrian access fencing to help the dune restabilise by limiting public access and trampling. The dune provides a large sand buffer against coastal erosion during storm events preventing coastal inundation/ocean flooding impact from ocean waves to the council-owned road behind it; maintenance of the beach for recreation and biodiversity value is a co-benefit. Scraping costs around $90,000 per campaign, with $40,000 spent on dune fencing and management. This project has been successful in preventing storm damage beyond the beach, with the 2017 sand volumes still in place and the dune heavily vegetated.

Kirra and North Kirra beaches fluctuate in width, with severe erosion experienced in the 1980s and 1990s. After an injection of sand from the Tweed Sand Bypass project, coupled with low storm activity for a decade, the beaches accreted a substantial amount of sand, to the point that some action was taken to reduce the width of the beach. Since 2009 however, storm events have and continue to reduce the width of the beach. No action to address this is currently planned as the sand levels are expected to fluctuate naturally within acceptable levels.

This beach is renourished annually by the City of Townsville using dredged material from nearby boating channels.

Sand is continually trapped by the Exmouth Boat Harbour breakwater. This sand was used to replenish the eroding Town Beach and other beaches to the north.

500 mangroves and 400 ground covering plants were planted to re-establish the ecosystem along the foreshore, thereby preventing erosion and promoting fish habitat.

After the Tweed River entrance training wall was extended, sand accumulation was no longer occurring on the beaches to the north of the wall causing significant shoreline retreat. The hydrology of the area was also affected, and sand continued to accumulate at the river entrance, making the river entrance hazardous for boats. The Tweed Sand Bypass was installed in 2001 to address these issues. The project was a joint initiative from the Queensland and New South Wales governments, as the Tweed River channel in NSW benefits from removal of sediment, and the famous Gold Coast beaches in QLD benefit from the added sand.

The beach is renourished periodically to prevent erosion. The most recent nourishment used coarse-grained quarry sand which is expected to resist erosion for another 20-25 years.

Erosion at Newry Island was excerbated by major flood events, boat wash and unmanaged livestock access. Active erosion was significantly reduced after the installation of rock revetment and rock-and-timber fillets. Six months after the installation, mangroves started to establish in the newly accreted fine sediment. Diversity of macroinvertebrates also increased at the rehabilitated area. The project was funded by a Environmental Restoration and Rehabilitation 2015-2016 grant from the NSW government.

This project utilised recycled highway stumps and pins in combination with rock-fillets to stabilise and expand intertidal foreshore against boat wash and wind waves. The project also removed exotic weeds to improve the health of saltmarsh community.

This project improved the stability of 200m of river bank through installing rock-fillets, roots balls and timber pins, as well as revegetating the riparian zone and fencing to exclude stock access. This work also benefits the local biodiversity, facilitates mangrove recruitment and provides fish habitat.

Recycled highway materials, tree slumps and timber pins were incorporated in rock-fillets to protect the eroding bank and expand intertidal habitat. In the riparian zone, native riparian trees were planted and established fences to exclude stock access. Lomandra were also established in jute mesh along the bank edge.

The main public beach in Byron Bay has experienced significant erosion in recent years, particularly after a 2020 storm event which removed the front face of the dune system. To address this, Byron Shire Council adopted the same beach scraping and dune revegetation strategy as had been successful at nearby New Brighton beach. The top 20-30cm of sand from the intertidal section of beach will be scraped and replaced onto the dune area. This will be followed up with dune revegetation work and pedestrian access fencing.

Informal tracks from residential development behind the dunes was causing significant erosion via damage to dune vegetation behind Carlton/Park Beach (at Dodges Ferry) and Primrose Sands Beach. Formed in 1991, Southern Beaches Landcare Coastcare (SBLC) has worked with land managers, Sorell Council, Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service and Property Services (Crown Land)) and the local community to address the problem. In 2002, SBLC spearheaded the development of the Southern Beaches Foreshore Access Management Strategy, alongside community members and stakeholders. High use access ways were upgraded to withstand the level of use. The number of informal tracks through the dunes was greatly reduced by subtle pruning of dune vegetation to funnel pedestrians toward shared paths. Treated pine posts with colour coded tops were installed to direct pedestrians from walkways in the residential zone to the beach via managed tracks through the dunes. These tracks arrive at the beach at an angle away from the prevailing winds and are pruned annually. The posts can be moved to reroute and rest any track that becomes eroded. A weed removal program involving community working bees has been established, which creates the opportunity to share information about the fragility and importance of the dune systems. The creation of a detailed informational sign at the entrance to Park Beach (images below) reminds people to respect the precious coastal environment. This combination of actions have been very effective at restoring dune integrity. Ongoing engagement with the community and land managers regarding the importance of and shared responsibility for dune maintenance is vital to protect the dune system which is under increasing pressure from residential development. SBLC’s work has been funded through various grants over the years, including through the Australian Government Envirofund. Similar community engagement has also taken place to protect the saltmarshes in the nearby Carlton River estuary from trampling damage.

The mouth of Christies Creek was blocked with sand, forcing it to form rivulets along the beach instead of leading directly to sea. One rivulet was moving its way to the north, blocking a public accessway, eroding the front of the dune and threatening the paved walking track behind. In 2018, the creek mouth was mechanically reshaped to outlet water directly seaward. Sand was then taken from an area of accretion at the north end of the beach and placed on the eroded dune area, followed by sand drift fencing and revegetation. After initial attempts to prevent pedestrian access over the constructed dune resulted in informal accessways appearing nearby, more fencing was put in to formalise the accessway over the dune while protecting the areas either side. The creek mouth is now reopened every winter at a cost of around $1400 per year which has been effective at preventing further erosion of the dune. The project is being monitored as part of the digital terrain modelling that City of Onkaparinga undertakes along their entire 31km of coastline.

The Southport Dunes are the largest dune landform in the region, being nearly 1.3km long, 250 m at its widest, and rising to 20 m. The vegetation overall is generally a shrubland to open shrubland, with dominant overstorey comprising a shrubland to open shrubland. Weeds are generally scattered and low in density apart from large patches of Pyp Grass (*Ehrharta villosa) on steep dunes in the north eastern corner of the site, and Marram Grass (*Ammophila arenaria) along the foredunes, on the steep dune faces on the eastern side of the dunes (facing the Onkaparinga Estuary) and in the low dunes to the south of the Southport Surf Lifesaving Club. Eradication of these highly invasive grass species has been undertaken over 13 years with total eradication as the target. Revegetation with native species, especially the native Rolling Spinifex (Spinifex hirsutus), has been critical to the project success as these weedy grasses are currently performing an important stability function in holding the sandy soil. Whilst increasing stability, the weedy grasses, in particular Marram Grass (Ammophila arenaria) and Sea Wheat Grass (Thinopyrum junceiforme), change the dune structure and function impacting on habitat value, resilience and response to disturbance events and ability of native plant species to regnerate.

The Saltwater Creek foreshore was eroding due to a combination of past dredging, boat wash, degraded riparian vegetation and higher peak flood velocities from catchment development. This project investigated the potential for using coir matting and logs in combination with revegetation to arrest erosion along a 150m trial site. The site featured a 1-1.5m vertical bank along its length and nearly complete loss of riparian vegetation, resulting in approximately 4-6m of foreshore lost over the preceding 5 years. The site experiences tidal variation of approximately 1-1.5m in height. The bank was rebattered to reduce the gradient considerably and the exposed Acid Sulphate Soil treated. A combination of different coir structures were used along with revegetation: - A single coir log row along bank toe, coir matting from bank toe to above MHWS. - A coir log pyramid 2.2m seaward of bank toe to act as a wave dissipation structure in mangrove intertidal zone, with a 1m break every 9m to provide fish passage. - Construction of a 1.5m pyramid landward of 1m breaks; (coir log flow deflectors). - Coir matting, revegetation and mulching of a 15m wide riparian zone, including dense revegetation along the foreshore batter. The work was followed up with a community information and tree planting day shortly after works were finalised.

Maroochydore beach is one of the most vulnerable beaches in the Sunshine Coast, and at the same time is an important economic and recreational hub. The beach is renourished every two years to renew the 50m wide sand buffer that protects local built infrastructure from storm events. Sand is taken from the nearby Maroochydore River mouth and deposited on the beach via permanent and temporary pipelines. Renourishment is followed up with revegetation and limiting beach access points. In 2022, Sunshine Coast Council will trial placement of sand 300m offshore, to be transported naturally onto the beach via waves, currents and tides.

Mooloolaba beach is an important recreational hub and is subject to erosion due to storm events. Annual renourishment is undertaken to restore the beach amenity and rebuild the dune buffer. Sand is pumped from the Maroochy river mouth using temporary and permanent pipelines.

The Golden Beach area is located in the Pumicestone Passage, a narrow, shallow estuary made up of tidal channels and sand banks. The beaches in the area are subject to erosion pressures during storm events and afterward due to altered tidal flows. To address this, the beaches are renourished twice yearly. Campaigns vary in volume of sand, with a large campaign (40,000m3) in the late 90s. As the area is part of Moreton Bay Marine Park, Federal and State government approvals are needed, and extra care is taken not to disturb to nearby seagrass and mangrove communities. Renourishment is complemented by dune revegetation and weed control to stabilise the sand reserves.

These three neighbouring beaches are located within the Maroochy River estuary. They are renourished annually to restore the recreational area to address ongoing erosion. Sand quantities and sources vary each campaign according to sediment availability/erosion severity.

Sunshine Coast Council undertakes extensive dune restoration and protection activities across the entire LGA to prevent erosion and promote habitat restoration. Sand fences, revegetation, weed control, formalised accessways and educational signage are used to promote dune stability, including at sites where recent renourishment has occurred. Vegetation species and planting density varies between sites, with some sites requiring high density revegetation and other sites only infill. All revegetation follows natural patterns of ground cover and grasses on the primary dune, transitioning to Casuarina, Banksia and Pandanus, moving into more littoral species heading further landward where the dune crest allows protection from salt spray. Shade-cloth based sand fencing is also used at some sites to assist with trapping sand blow.

This mangrove planting was part of a larger revegetation project of a section of riverbank on the north side of the Maroochy river. Informal accessways had resulted in habitat degradation and overland and water erosion pressures were affecting a section of mangrove stand. Mangrove seedlings were planted using coir logs and jute mats, and the area was fenced off and weeds removed regularly for the initial 12 weeks post-planting.

This project aimed to restore seagrass and mangrove habitat in front of an actively eroding 2m high muddy cliff face. Around 4000 mangrove seedlings were tranplanted, 5000 mangrove seeds planted and 0.25ha of seagrass transplanted. Mangrove seedlings fared the best, with 1666 plants surviving, while only 816 seeds germinated, potentially due to high wave energy and crab predation. All seagrass transplanted was lost due to smothering by fine silt. There is variability in erosion rate at different sites, however where a sloping beach has been formed, erosion seems to have stopped. The results of this project indicate mangrove seedling transplantation is a cost effective method of shoreline protection. Seagrass transplanting will not be further investigated for the area.

A combination of wind generated wave action and years of stock grazing was causing significant erosion and ecological decline on the banks of the Romiaka channel. Beginning in 2005, Bill Burns, the landowner of the site, began seeking assistance to address the problem. Conservation zones were fenced off from livestock in 2008, rotational grazing was introduced, a stock crossing was built and a weed management program was established to allow the degraded area to naturally regenerate. At the same time, tidal flows were returned to the estuary following the Shallow Channel opening project (completed by Clarence Valley Council, NRCMA and WetlandCare). While these actions were effective in some areas, others struggled to regenerate due to the constant wave action washing away seedlings before they could establish. In these areas, rock fillets made of large quarry rock were installed 2m in front of the eroding bank to reduce water movement adjacent to the banks. This was highly effective at allowing the mangroves to reestablish, with dozens self seeding within months. As a result of these actions, erosion has ben effectively stopped, the mangroves have grown back, the saltmarsh and coastal forest communities are regenerating, and weed infestations have been reduced. The upper bank, having been planted out with trees and shrubs, completes the restoration of this riparian ecosystem.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation. Rock fillets are energy dissipating structures, which are typically built to mean high water level from locally quarried rock, although fillets may also contain other habitat enhancement structures such as timber snags, or prefabricated reef balls. The fillets are a bank parallel structure, keyed into the bank at one end and open at the other, creating an area of low hydrodynamic energy in the intertidal zone between the fillet and the bank. This area of still water encourages sediment accumulation, and the regeneration of mangroves and other estuarine vegetation, where the mangrove propagules, fish and other estuarine fauna can pass through the fillet opening.

Building on trials in Altona, Grantville and Lang Lang, 148 mangrove planters were installed at Jem Jerrup in 2022, and direct seeded with Avicennia marina. The hybrid mangrove erosion control was installed alongside a rock revetment placed at the base of an eroding cliff and aims to build the resilience of the unarmoured shoreline. Monitoring has been funded until 2024 and will be investigating the effect of the planters on mangrove survival, sediment accretion and wave attenuation. Yearly mangrove planting will be done throughout the study period.

This project involved revegetation and rehabilitation of a saltmarsh area. The project was in partnership with Healthy Land and Water.

Long-term estuarine processes along with coastal and tidal inundation were causing erosion on a section of foreshore in front of Lion's Park, Burrill Lake. This was exposing a recreational reserve and Council roads to storm damage. Shoalhaven City Council undertook beach scraping using sand from the adjacent tidal flat, in combination with revegetation, formalisation of accessways and installation of sand fencing/jute mesh to encourage faster stabilisation of the new dune sands. The dune/bank stabilisation measures have been monitored and maintained by Council on an ongoing basis, since implementation.

This project was implemented to rehabilitate the dune in front of the Shoalhaven Heads Surf Life Saving Club and to protect the Club building and Council assets from storm damage and erosion. Approximately 4,000m3 of sand was scraped adjacent to three beach access tracks to reduce the foredune slope. This was followed by the revegetation of 3000 tube stock plants secured with jute matting, and installation of fencing to prevent pedestrian access to the dunes during the recovery phase. The dune stabilisation works have been monitored and maintained by the Council on an ongoing basis since implementation.

The Sewerage Pump Station at south Narrawallee Beach was identified as being at risk of erosion and/or inundation by the Shoalhaven Coastal Zone Management plan in 2018. A number of potential risk mitigation approaches were considered, including a rock armoured seawall, geobag seawall and relocation of the sewage unit, however beach scraping and dune restoration were identified as the most cost beneficial option. Sand from the intertidal zone was scraped into the dune area in 2021 and 2022 to rebuild the foredune to a height of 6m AHD and 1V:6H foredune seaward slope face. This was immediately followed up with revegetation with tube & 300mm pot size stock, cuttings of native dune species, and installation of sand fencing and jute matting to assist stabilisation and plant establishment. Larger plants were installed 3-4 months later. A storm swell event in April 2022 unfortunately eroded part of the newly built dune before the plantings had established a stabilisation function. The beach was scraped again shortly afterward to rebuild the dune. This was again followed up with further revegetation, sand fencing installation and weed control. The dune stabilisation works have been monitored and maintained by the Council on an ongoing basis since implementation.

This site encompasses the location of two Aboriginal cultural heritage-protected middens. The middens are at risk due to impacts from coastal erosion and ongoing pedestrian foot traffic. Following the recommendations of the Bendalong Boat Harbour Masterplan 2019, Shoalhaven City Council undertook works to reduce pedestrian and coastal erosion impacts through beach scraping and dune revegetation. The beach was scraped in April 2022 and timber fences and sandstone blocks have been placed to delineate beach access. All works have been conducted using methods to minimise disturbance of the cultural heritage site as much as possible. Following beach scraping, Jerrinja Local Aboriginal Land Council led the revegetation and stabilization activities, which included installation of jute mesh and coir logs to secure the plants while they establish. The site has seen ongoing moderately impacts from storm water runoff from the landward side, and ongoing efforts are needed to address the issue long term.

A section of shoreline adjacent to Sheaffe St, Callala Bay, has been impacted on by coastal erosion at high tides and from storm events, threatening a nearby road, public reserve and multiple mature Eucalyptus botryoides trees. Shoalhaven City Council aimed to reduce risk of erosion through the rebuild of a sacrificial sand buffer via sand scraping and dune stabilisation works. The beach was scraped in early 2022, which was immediately impacted on by a significant coastal storm event. The recently nourished sand was immediately scoured, thereby fulfilling the intention of being a sacrificial buffer preventing damage to the infrastructure and natural assets further back from the shore. A secondary stage of beach scraping and foreshore stabilisation and dune rehabilitation was implemented in June 2023, with intended medium term coastal protection outcomes.

Five-year revegetation plan for the Swan Estuary Marine Park - Milyu A Class Nature Reserve. Objectives are coninutally formally monitored using quantitative and qualitative measures.

The Black Swan Habitat provides improved habitat for native waterbirds while providing a retreat for bird watching, breeding, ecology, and learning.

Foreshores Stabilisation - Offshore Erosion Control measure and revegetation of foreshore

Install brush walling to protect existing eroding foreshore vegetation, remove invasive weeds and undertake infill planting in degraded areas with insufficient vegetation cover at Point Resolution south and west foreshore.

The remediation and environmental enhancement of the river edge combining revegetation into revetmnet design

Installation of bioengineering to mitigte erosion, establishment and protection of native sedges and improved access for the public

Population growth and inappropriate land use practices are putting the Hastings Catchment environment and its fisheries resources under increasing pressure. Streambank erosion represents one of the most pressing management issues facing the estuary. A number of factors contribute to streambank erosion including removal of riparian vegetation, damage from stock, and wave action generated from wind and boat wash. Rock fillets were installed along 200 m of the Maria River at Port Macquarie on the NSW mid north coast to provide a sheltered microhabitat for mangroves to naturally regenerate. These works were supplemented by stock exclusion fencing and riparian zone revegetation with a mixture of suitable riparian species. Completed in 2011. (Project description courtesy Fish Habitat Network, https://www.fishhabitatnetwork.com.au/fish-fillets-in-the-hastings)

The riparian corridor of a cattle grazing property located on Scott's Creek, Oxley Island near Taree is substantially modified and subject to active erosion. Excessive nutrient and sediment load from eroding banks was contributing to the smothering of seagrasses and reducing their capacity to provide nursery habitat for juvenile fish. Rock fillets were installed along a 400 m stretch of Scott's Creek to arrest bank erosion and encourage natural recruitment of mangroves and other salt marsh species. Rainforest species were planted along the high bank for long term bank stability and the site was fenced to eliminate livestock access to the affected area. Completed in 2011. (Project description courtesy Fish Habitat Network, https://www.fishhabitatnetwork.com.au/mangrove-and-riparian-rehabilitation-scott-s-creek-manning-estuary)

A dairy property on the North Channel of the Manning River adjacent to Dumaresq Island had a severely modified riparian corridor with an actively eroding bank and loss of mangroves and rainforest vegetation. Bank stability was provided by installing 600 m of rock fillets to encourage mangrove and other aquatic habitat. Stock proof fencing (800 m) was installed and weed management and revegetation with native riparian rainforest species was undertaken. Completed in 2012. (Project description courtesy Fish Habitat Network, https://www.fishhabitatnetwork.com.au/manning-river-bank-stabilisation-and-rehabilitation)

Pumpkin Point is located on the banks of the Karuah River. Boat wake wave action has eroded the mangrove-lined river banks and makes it difficult for vegetation to re-establish. The site was identified as an ideal location for rock fillet construction to alleviate erosion issues. Rock fillet construction was undertaken along a 200 metre section of the river. The rock fillets have protected the river bank from excessive erosion, created a stable environment for mangroves to re-establish and further stabilise the bank, and enhanced fish habitat for estuarine fish. Completed in 2010. (Project description courtesy Fish Habitat Network, https://www.fishhabitatnetwork.com.au/minor-bank-stabilisation-works-pumpkin-point-rock-fillets)

Fish passage and natural flows returned to 3 oxbow lakes in the Brunswick River as a part of the Bring Back the Fish project. Insertion of rock fillets and fencing (4.5 km) and revegetation (35,000 trees) of the riparian zone stabilised estuarine banks. Works were completed between 2006-9. (Project description courtesy Fish Habitat Network, https://www.fishhabitatnetwork.com.au/bbtf-vallances-road-habitat-site)

The Wallamba River in the Wallis Lake Catchment near Tuncurry is exposed to severe bank erosion due to past vegetation clearance, ongoing cattle grazing and wash from boats. Bank protection and restoration works along 200 m of the Wallamba river bank was undertaken and involved the installation of 10 rock fillets, linking existing bank stabilisation works upstream and downstream of the site. Collectively, 4 km of consecutive river bank has been stabilised. Completed in 2012.

Significant undercutting of the bank and loss of mangroves and saltmarsh was occurring in this shallow tidal coastal lake system. This contributed a significant amount of sediment to the lake, resulting in high tubidity. Possible causes of the erosion include: a rise in water levels in the lake; an increase in the frequency and strength of south easterly winds; channel formation and deepening of the lake adjacent to the eroding bank; or a combination of these factors. 850m of fillet was placed approximately 3-5m in front of the eroding bank using a long reach excavator. 850m of foreshore was fenced off to prevent cattle access. The project was successful in preventing further undercutting and erosion, mangrove and saltmarsh species have naturally regenerated, and habitat quality has significantly increased as a result of the wors. Works were completed as part of the Clarence Floodplain Project, a collaboration between state government natural resource management departments, fishing, grazing and sugar industries, conservation, Landcare and traditional owner stakeholders. The project was funded by a grant from the Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority.

This area has had rock fillets installed and maintained since 2000, with extensions to the length undertaken in 2012, 2014, 2017, 2018. Livestock fencing was also installed. Cost was $70,000 in 2014, $125,000 in 2017.

This site is located on private property, adjacent to a river section designated by local council as a wave generation zone (i.e. for use by wake boarders and skiers). 8m of riverbank and most riparian vegetation was lost over 10 years. Rock fillets installed were mostly successful, with natural backfill of mangroves (average 1m height, 10 plants/m2). Some rocks slumped and/or became more porous, thereby letting water wash sediment away and leaving low points permanently holding water restricting mangrove growth. Sediment height above mean low tide was demonstrated to be an important factor impacting recruitment. Areas with sandier sediment also experienced low to no mangrove growth. Despite these challenges, the project was overall a success.

Bank erosion was occurring due to wave action at high tide. Rock fillets were installed on top of an existing low grade seawall. Each fillet was 60 tonnes with an average height of 1m, which was 1m lower than the bank height. This low height was chosen due to logistical constraints, however it ultimately prevented effective erosion control. 2.5 years later moderate sediment deposition had occurred, though mangrove stabilisation and bank stabilisation were poor. Only 3/7 fillets had mangrove recruitment (average recruitment 1/10m3). The project is generally not considered a success. Possible reasons include sediment supply, sediment retention, seed supply, coarse grained material and fillet height.

City of Busselton council undertook extensive renourishment in 2008 to address ongoing erosion. 86,000m3 of sand was artificially nourished along 10,000m of coastline. This has been followed by annual maintenance nourishments as well as strategic/responsive nourishments following erosion events. Initial costs included $50,000 for sand nourishment, $25,000 for mitigation of flooding and $45,000 for coastal monitoring.

The beach at Midge Point was significantly eroded after Cyclone Debbie in 2017. In response, The beach was reprofiled using sand taken from a shallow burrow within the tidal zone which was pushed up to the scarf. Sand was removed at a maximum rate of 5m3 per meter of beach. Additionally, fencing was installed to prevent vehicle access, and the dune area was revegetated.

Nundera point is a rocky headland immediately south of the extensive shell midden complex at Murramarang Point on the south coast of NSW. The midden was exposed to an erosional blowout behind a broad rock platform. To address this, 120-150m3 of sand was shifted to reshape the dune using a traxcavator. Sand was pushed from the lee of the dune over the edge of the dune crest until it had built up to at least 50cm above the original crest. This was followed by revegetation using sand spinifex (Spinifex hirsutus) which is native to the area. Seeds were collected by volunteers from nearby beaches, and the works were carried out in summer to assist germination. Enviromat (ultraviolet sensitive nylon mesh enclosing aspen wood shavings) was used to stabilise the substrate initially. Finally, low-profile fencing, signposting and some secondary revegetation using local species (Banksia integrifolia, Lomandra longifolia and Leucopogon parviflora). Results: Spinifex germination success was around 50%, however of the secondary plants only Lomandra longifolia survived. The "Enviromat" matting rapidly deteriorated and peripheral areas of dune not covered by the matting experienced higher than usual erosion due to undercutting. Further (identical) works were carried out in these areas to extend the total stabilised area. Eventually, sand fencing was installed as the reshaping and revegetation alone were not adequately preventing erosion. Overall, the midden was more protected than it previously had been, though the works undertaken had not been as successful as hoped.

Blacksmiths Beach is the largest dune system on the Lake Macquarie coastline, extending 10.4km. The beach and dune system is subject to long-term erosion, exacerbated by storms, due to its large size, low gradient and absence of headlands or other barriers. Works to rehabilitate and preserve the beach and dune system have been ongoing since the early 1990s, primarily by the local Dunecare group. The dunal system was nonexistent due to the combination of mineral mining in the 1970s and vehicle damage, and the area was heavily infested with Bitou bush. First, the Dunecare group began addressing the Bitou infestation, an effort that continued for 20+ years. Fencing to restrict vehicle access was then installed, which had an immediate positive effect on spinifex recovery. In 1993, a fore dune and hind dune were manually formed and planted out with Marram Grass and Acacia sophorae. The combination of these works successfully stabilised the dune, with the beach sustaining little damage after storm events, and native vegetation has now naturally established.

The City of Gold Coast (City) delivered a major beach nourishment project from June to September 2017. Over 3 million cubic metres of sand was delivered during the Gold Coast Beach Nourishment Project (GCBNP) to increase the volume of sand along vulnerable sections of Gold Coast beaches. A 111 metre long split hopper dredge was procured through an international competitive tender process to deliver the works. Sand was dredged from offshore sand reserves and distributed nearshore using bottom dumping and rainbowing methods. The sand placement design used an innovative ‘design with nature’ approach defined by a unique grid system. This allowed for sand delivery flexibility with changing bathymetries, community use of the beach and temporary enhancement of surf amenity. Numerical modelling was undertaken prior to and during the works to ensure sand placement did not adversely impact on local conditions. All necessary federal and state approvals were obtained and pre, during and post-works environmental monitoring was undertaken to ensure compliance with approval conditions. The GCBNP was delivered along some of the most popular and high profile beaches in Australia. Project communications and education with local residents and visitors to the Gold Coast was undertaken and was essential for successful delivery on the project. Operational aspects of the project included a mobile beach safety crew and ongoing relocation of shark nets to allow the dredge to operate 24/7, only pausing works for bunkering, maintenance and high swell conditions. The City continues to monitor ongoing sand movements along Gold Coast beaches through its hydrographic survey program and the Gold Coast continues to benefit from the additional sand, having undergone a number of swell events post-works with minimal beach erosion. Analysis of Palm Beach has shown that over seventyfive per cent of sand placed during the GCBNP is still in the active beach system. (Project description from Perkins et al, 2021. A Summary of the 2017 Gold Coast Beach Nourishment Project: Implementation and Effectiveness. https://www.coastsandports.org/papers/2021/235_elliott_finalpaper.pdf).

A living shoreline incorporating restored oyster reefs, rehabilitated saltmarsh and existing mangrove stands is being constructed across a section of foreshore in Wagonga Inlet. During the project, the existing failing rock wall will be replaced with low-growing riparian vegetation. Sydney rock oyster reef habitat will be restored using locally quarried rock and local oyster shells, as well as subtidal native flat oyster reef habitat on the sea floor. Saltmarsh will be protected through active planting and access restriction. As of April 2024, over 17,000 native plants have established along the banks of the project site, and the oyster reefs are showing high levels of oyster recruitment and growth, with millions of oysters recruiting in just one season. The project is estimated to be completed in October 2024.

Lake Macquarie's extensive foreshore experiences wind wave-related erosion, primarily in areas of anthropogenic modifications (vegetation clearing, inappropriate stabilisation techniques, etc). To mitigate this, the Council has adopted a "soft" approach using cobble beaches as a stablilisation treatment on both private and public foreshore land. Cobble beaches exist naturally around the Lake, successfully stabilising shorelines while minimising the recreational and ecological impacts associated with hard structures. However, some areas (those exposed to much higher levels of wave action) have not had as much success with the cobbled beach approach, and hard solutions are being considered for these specific circumstances.

Over 2500ha of seagrass meadows have been lost or degraded in Western Cove, Kangaroo Island, due to nutrient and sediment run off. The Australian Government funded a "Catchment to Coast" project to address water quality through restoration of riparian zones. At the same time, seagrass restoration trials were undertaken to support natural recovery. Trials consisted of transplanting sprigs (rhizome with shoots) and direct seeding onto hessian bags placed on the substrate. This work was done largely with the aid of community volunteers, who assisted in planting the sprigs (which were harvested by trained staff members earlier in the day). In 2013, 205 sprigs were planted over an area of 160m2. Survivorship, monitored with assistance from community volunteers, was high after twelve months at 86%. As a result of this success, a second planting day was held in 2014, planting 210 sprigs over two areas, also resulting in high survivorship (85% after 2 months). Finally, seed-based restoration was attempted in which volunteers harvested seeds which were kept in seawater for 14 days and then deposited on hessian bags at restoration sites. This trial was considerable less successful, with only 12% survival after 12 months. Overall, community enthusiasm for the project was high, including support for extending the length and frequency of planting days.

6200ha of seagrass has been lost from the Adelaide coast since 1949. This has caused 100,000m3 of sand to be deposited on Adelaide beaches per year, and increased coastal erosion due to increased longshore movement of sand. Additionally, the loss of this habitat has affected many important fish species and overall biodiversity of flora and fauna in the region. Much of the loss has occurred in shallow waters up to 7m depth, progressing seaward, with the primary cause considered to be anthropogenic nutrient inputs. In response to this loss, improvements to waste and storm-water systems were implemented, resulting in some natural recolonisation in deeper waters. However, no natural recovery has occurred in shallower waters. To address this, the Australian Federal Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment awarded $1,972,500 in funding to restore 20 hectares of seagrass off Port Gawler, north of Adelaide. The project will involve dropping around 100,000 hessian sandbags and allowing seagrass seedlings to naturally attach to the stabilised sediment. The project will be led by the University of Adelaide, South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) and the research division of the SA government's Department of Primary Industries and Regions (PIRSA).

6200ha of seagrass has been lost from the Adelaide coast since 1949. This has caused 100,000m3 of sand to be deposited on Adelaide beaches per year, and increased coastal erosion due to increased longshore movement of sand. Additionally, the loss of this habitat has affected many important fish species and overall biodiversity of flora and fauna in the region.In response to this loss, improvements to waste and storm-water systems were implemented, resulting in some natural recolonisation in deeper waters. To investigate the possiblity of assisted recolonisation, a large scale rehabilitation trial was undertaken in 2006 in which hessian sandbags were placed over 1 hectare adjacent to an existing Amphibolis antarctica meadow. The trial aimed to understand the effect of distance from nearest meadow on recruitment success and plant length. Hessian bags were filled with sand and covered in jute weave. 1000 units were dropped over a 100m x 100m square, with one edge beginning 10m inside the meadow. Recruitment was monitored using video transects. The study found that there was no significant effect of distance from meadow edge on recruitment density or plant length. Overall, the proportion of bags supporting one or more Amphibolis plants was 65% after 4 and 8 months, increasing to 87% after 13 months.

In 1990, the Tasmanian Aboriginal Land Council completed surveys to identify and determine the condition of Aboriginal heritage sites in southwest Tasmania. Twelve sites, consisting of hut depressions, artefact scatters and middens, were identified as needing rehabilitation and/or stabilisation due to wind erosion, waves or human activity. This work was undertaken between 1993 and 1995, and involved stabilisation of sand using jute mesh or coconut matting covered with cut scrub, combined with promotion of vegetation cover through direct planting or natural re-seeding. Monitoring was undertaken of the sites in 2009, and the results of the works varied between sites. Four sites were successful preventing erosion and promoting revegetation, and three sites were partially successful in these respects. A further three sites were successful in sand accumulation but not revegetation, and two sites were not successful in either capacity.

North-West Bay is dotted with traditional mooring chains. These cause scour, destabilise the sediment and prevent the growth of seagrass. At least 12 of these moorings will be replaced with Environmentally Friendly Moorings (see link below). The moorings should be replaced by the end of 2022, then the first half of 2023 will be spent monitoring the outcome. No active seagrass restoration will occur, however, it is expected the seagrass will re-establish on its own and thereby re-stabilise the sediment. There will also be some consideration into the potential for carbon sequestration as a result of the seagrass restoration. The project is funded through NRM by a grant from the federal DAWE Fisheries Habitat Restoration (FHR) Program and significant in-kind from the CSIRO. No permits are required as the moorings are simply being replaced. Marine Safety Tasmania issues permits for the placement of moorings in the first place, which are then leased by individuals.

The Pitt Water - Orielton Lagoon has a levee in place that is preventing tidal inundation. This is creating erosion events which make deep channels where saltmarsh can't grow. The project will be removing the levee and restoring natural tidal flows to the lagoon. This will reduce energy against the levee, which will help the lagoon adapt to sea level rise in the future - rather than the levee creating a cliff and cutting the lagoon off even more. The lagoon and saltmarsh are important breeding habitat for both estuarine and diadromous fish, and the project has an aim to restore this habitat, especially for the benefit of recreational fish species. The saltmarsh has also suffered as a result of livestock grazing and trampling, which is being rehabilitated by fencing the area off. As the area is on private land and is also on land managed by Aboriginal Heritage Tasmania, special steps will be taken to ensure minimal disruption to cultural values, including restricting access to specific areas as well as avoiding use of mechanical weeding and revegetation. This project is being funded by the Australian Government’s Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment – Fisheries Habitat Restoration Program and is being completed in partnership with OzFish Unlimited and the University of Tasmania.

Seagrass meadow restoration trial using transplants in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. Cockburn Sound is a natural embayment approximately 16 km long and 7 km wide, to the west of the southern end of the Perth metropolitan area. Its seagrass meadows have been reduced in area by 77% since 1967, largely due to the effects of eutrophication, industrial development and sand mining. The project involved transplant trials, monitoring the impact and recovery of the donor site, and an assessment of genetic diversity in the transplant site. The trial demonstrated that the transplants achieved a high level of establishment within a few years; the high genetic diversity in the donor site was captured and retained in the restored meadow; and surrounding sandy substrate is being colonised by P. australis through regrowth from the matte and natural recruitment from seeds dispersed within and/or from other meadows, (the latter potentially helping to ensure the long-term viability of restored seagrass meadows.)

Gulf St Vincent, north of Adelaide, has experienced extensive seagrass loss over the last 60 to 80 years due to decreased water quality. 20 hectares of seagrass were restored as part of a project involving the University of Adelaide and the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) and the research division of the Department of Primary Industries and Regions (PIRSA). The restoration project examines how effectively the restored patches operate as habitats for fauna, and in accumulating blue carbon.

Oyster Harbour and Princess Royal Harbour, two marine inlets on the south coast of Western Australia, lost up to 80% of the seagrass cover between the mid-1960s and 1988 due to clearing for agriculture and use of phosphatic fertilizers. A seagrass transplant pilot study in Oyster Harbour measured survival and growth in situ for 4 years. Long-term survival rates were high (96–98%), providing plants were anchored into the sediment. All unanchored plants were lost in the first winter. Following the success of the pilot study, a more comprehensive program began 3 years later with over 500 transplant units. The project demonstrates that Posidonia australis could be transplanted with a high degree of success into a protected embayment previously vegetated with seagrass meadows.

Posidonia meadows in Port Stephens are the 2nd most impacted by traditional swing moorings in NSW. Traditional, fixed block-and-chain boat moorings scar the seafloor and remove seagrass shoots, causing the formation of bare patches that fragment the meadow and destabilise the sediment. Environmentally Friendly Moorings (EFMs) are an alternative to traditional boat moorings that are slowly replacing traditional block and chain moorings in many coastlines worldwide. The Operation Posidonia team has been working to address the loss of Posidonia meadows in Port Stephens, promoting the recovery of Posidonia by combining the restoration of Posidonia in old mooring scars where swing moorings have been removed. Naturally-detached rhizome fragments were collected from the shore by citizen-scientists, stored within aquaculture tanks and then planted underwater. Results were extremely promising, some areas showing up to 70% survival of transplanted Posidonia, with fragments producing new shoots after only 6 months.

A community led project, seeking to raise awareness about sea level rise locally and to demonstrate an eco-engineering response. While storm will exceed the height of current seawall at some point, the trial sought to lessen the impact of waves on shoreline through a trial of an intertidal shellfish reef (Pacific oyster shell in coir bags) and transplanted mangrove seedlings.

The riverbank was reshaped for a rubble mound revetment constructed to a height equivalent to 1.9m high tide to break the wave action. A protective fence using oyster netting was constructed offshore of the bank and mangroves planted between the bank and fence. Phragmites were planted between the rock wall and the bank for further stabilisation as well as a 10-metre vegetated riparian buffer zone with casuarina glauca native trees. It is noted that planting in front of a revetment does not allow natural adaptation of the planted mangroves (i.e., retreat).

This project involved a combination of methods that included geotextile groynes as well as planting of over 11,000 mangroves, 4,000 oak trees, 50 mahogany trees and saltbush along the north and west banks of the island. The planted mangroves were protected using a mesh fence.

This project planted over 77,000 mangroves, 2000 oak trees and 200 swamp mahogany trees from 2001-2011. The mangroves were protected using temporary mesh fencing.

The initial project that tested mangrove planting using seeds versus seedlings at the mouth of Regatta Creek. Various bank stabilisation methods were also trialled that included timber logs, concrete blocks and rock rubble. The shoreline was also fenced at Coulthard's dairy, and most of the mangroves to the west between Regatta Creek mouth and the public access point near Coulthard's dairy were natural regeneration due to cattle exclusion.

The aim of this project was to stop erosion along the riverbanks fronting fairways 4 & 5 of the Nowra Golf Course. Geotextile sand bags were used as bank toe protection. In front of this over 370 mangroves protected by mesh fencing were planted.

The riverbanks in front of the Riversdale homestead and function centre have been badly eroded due to boat wake. Geotextile sand tubes were used as bank toe protection and groynes. Since 2016, over 30 mangroves, 70 casuarinas, 500 lomandras, 40 swamp lilies have been planted. Two species of mangroves are being trialled, Avicennia marina protected by mesh fencing, and Aegiceras corniculatum with individual protection around seedlings.

Beach renourishment works undertaken in 2022 following an east coast low that caused significant erosion of the Long Beach coastline. The beach renourishment process involved using heavy machinery to scrape a 300mm layer of sand from the southern end of Long Beach and push it against the eroded area. The short-term solution is acting as a buffer while long-term solutions are assessed.

Beach renourishment works at St Leondards is part of a series of beach renourishments on the northern Bellarine Peninsula, with almost 30,000 cubic metres of sand having been distributed across four beaches at Indented Head and St Leonards over the last two years. By increasing the width of the beach along a 200-metre stretch, the works provide protection for infrastructure behind the foreshore, including the low-lying coastal trail.

Dune works in Kirra beach, Queensland, to maintain the beach amenity and reinforce a buffer to the shoreline, while also reinstating native plant communities along the dunes for stabilisation and the conservation of biodiversity. The site was maintained for a period of twelve months post-planting to promote good growth of installed plants, prevent weed incursion, ensure dune stability through increased native vegetation cover and assist natural regeneration of dune species. Planting survival rates at five months varied mainly due to mobile sand and anthropogenic disturbance, while at twelve months the Beach Spinifex densities approached densities expected for a naturally established frontal dune. Overall, the project met and exceeded requirements.

Bank restoration at Bolong, NSW, funded by the Federal Government. The restoration acts as initial repair for a badly eroded section of the Shoalhaven River. Additional funding will be required to complete this section of the river.

The Bamarang restoration work covers a number of properties at Bamarang and Longreach. This section of the river is mainly fresh water and has suffered bank erosion of previous poor farming practices and, more recently, active water suports. A number of new techniques have also been trialed at these locations including the growing of Gray River mangroves, which usually grow in saline water.

The Longreach bank restoration efforts as well as planting some additional phragmites, aims to improve the health of this habitat that was lost during the 2020 floods. The restoration works include the reshaping of the riverbank to a natural slope, construction of sand sausage to protect the toe of the bank, planting native vegetation and the planting of phragmites in the riverbed.

The Swan-Canning Estuary site is one of 13 locations identified for restoration under the Reef Builder program, a partnership between the Australian Government and TNC to establish and restore shellfish reefs and support local communities with the creation of jobs. Blue Mussel reefs were restored using locally sourced rock for the reef substrate and seeded with wild capture mussel stock from a local aquaculture farm. The stock were initially settled on longlines, grown out to adult size, then deployed onto the reef bases.

The Albany North and South Reef Builder projects are situated in Oyster Harbour, a permanently open estuary located on the south coast of Western Australia. Australian Flat Oyster reefs were restored using locally sourced rock for the reef substrate and seeded with juvenile oysters. These juveniles, derived from local broodstock, were initially reared and settled onto cultch (recycled shell) in the hatchery, then grown out for ~6-months on a local aquaculture farm before deployment.

Glenelg is a beach-side suburb along the Adelaide metropolitan coast, located on the shore of Holdfast Bay in Gulf St Vincent. This project is part of the South Australian Government and The Nature Conservancy partnership to rebuild living shellfish reefs in South Australia. Australian Flat Oyster reefs were restored using locally sourced rock for the reef substrate and seeded with hatchery-reared juvenile oysters that were derived from local broodstock and settled on cultch.

Onkaparinga is a coastal area located to the south of the Adelaide metropolitan area within the Gulf St Vincent. This project is part of the South Australian Government and The Nature Conservancy partnership to rebuild living shellfish reefs in South Australia. Australian Flat Oyster reefs were restored using locally sourced rock for the reef substrate and seeded with hatchery-reared juvenile oysters that were derived from local broodstock and settled on cultch.

Kangaroo Island is situated to the southwest of the Gulf of St Vincent, South Australia. This project is part of Reef Builder program, a partnership between the Australian Government and The Nature Conservancy to bring shellfish reefs back from the brink of extinction. Australian Flat Oyster reefs were restored using locally sourced rock for the reef substrate and seeded with hatchery-reared juvenile oysters that were derived from local broodstock and settled on cultch.

Initial bank protection work at Gereeba Island using coir logs and mangrove planting was only partially successful with most mangroves surviving but the coir logs disintegrating or being washed away. To ensure the young mangroves weren’t washed away the project trialled new ways of placing waste shell from oyster production along the bank to provide wave protection. Live oysters harvested from oyster leases were also added to encourage and possibly accelerate the creation of a living structure. Site monitoring is being done by Hunter LLS, TIDE and the University of Newcastle and results are promising with live oysters surviving and growing and the structure continuing to protect the young mangroves and the riverbank.

Supported by Beach Energy, scientists from Deakin University's Blue Carbon Lab in Victoria are placing mangrove seeds in net-like frames in coastal locations in Port Phillip Bay and Western Port Bay to promote their growth. The structures slow water flow and encourage soil accumulation, and are particularly beneficial in areas that have experienced erosion or harsh environmental conditions hindering roots from establishing themselves. The 3D-printed lattice, made of potato starch from industrial waste, biodegrades within two to 10 years.

Stabilisation and revegetation of 2.4km of eroding riverbank, across 9 separate sites in the lower Caboolture River. The project, which includes collaboration with Healthy Land and Water as construction partner, will increase biodiversity and fish habitat while stabilising sections of riverbank. Coir logs and timber logs with a root ball horizontally that will be kept in place by timber piles and large boulders will be used to stabilise the riverbank and protect it from erosion and boat wash. BESE-Elements will be used for mangrove restoration, using two layers clipped together with mangrove propagules scattered between the third layer clipped on top, retaining seeds within the mesh structure.

Works involved the stabilisation of ~ 350m of embankment along South Pine River in Pine Rivers Park, Strathpine through a combination of earthworks, geotextiles, gravel, rock, revegetation and piling. Works included reinstatement of all disturbed areas and landscaping (including 900qty Mangroves), and timber piling and shot rock toe batter protection.

The Bunya Bunya Country Aboriginal Corporation (BBCAC) have undertaken many projects along the Maroochy River and Pumicestone Passage. For the TS Onslow Shoreline Management Project at Golden Beach, BBCAC collected low-growing red or stilted mangrove (Rhizophora stylosa) seeds from Bells Creek under permit, propagated them at their nursery and planted at least 900 seedlings at the site over the past 5 years. A novel fish-scale shaped soil stabilisation system was installed using coir logs for the establishment of highly beneficial living shoreline mangrove gardens.

John Oxley Reserve in Murrumba Downs is a public recreational ground, managed by Moreton Bay Regional Council. JBA Group was engaged by the council to develop a bank stabilisation project to help protect the Reserve from further erosion. The final detailed design included multiple fish-friendly rock fillet structures, incorporatingvreef balls and associated mangrove planting to protect the waterway banks.

Stockton Beach, situated at the southern end of Newcastle Bight, has experienced episodes of erosions over many years. The Stockton Beach Taskforce was established to drive the implementation of sustainable long-term solutions to the coastal erosion issues for Stockton Beach, with activities funded under the Commonwealth Coastal and Estuarine Risk Mitigation Program (CERMP). An initial beach nourishment of 130,000 cubic metres of sand delivered to Stockton during October and November 2023 is the first step of 5 key steps, which include beach nourishment, obtaining approvals, completing sand nourishment activity, monitoring and facilitating ongoing beach management.

The embayment of Bate Bay, located 25km south of Sydney Heads, includes the beaches South Cronulla, North Cronulla, Elouera,Wanda, Green Hills/Cronulla and Boat Harbour. In response to severe storm damage across the Sydney coastline in May-June 1974, the coastal process studies and subsequent coastal management plan was develped and implemented over a 14 year period. Implementation of the management plan involved fencing of foredune areas along Wanda and Eloura, infilling of blowouts and washthroughs in foredunes in the centre of the embayment, followed by installation of sand catching fences and construction of well defined beach access tracks. Nourishment of the embayment was carried out at South Cronulla Beach, and vegetated dunes in the northern part of the embayment were strengthened and fenced, resulting in re-alignment of the embayment foreshore. The beach nourishment was undertaken again on four occasions between 1999 and 2012.

Ettalong Beach is an estuarlne beach located approximately 40 km north of Sydney that has a recorded history of erosion dating back to the 1940's, which accelerated post the construction of a groyne field in 1972. The renourishment of Ettalong Beach was implemented in 1978 as part of the Beach Improvement Program, administered by The Coastal Engineering Branch of the Public Works Department NSW. A soft management technique to restore the natural sand circulation in the estuary was proposed in the management program, utilising a dredge to move 60,000 cubic metres of sand to nourish the beach and nearshore channel.

Maroubra beach located in the Eastern suburbs of Sydney has a recorded history of erosion. The Maroubra Beach Management Study undertaken as part of the Beach Improvement Program in 1978 identified a number of problems existing at the beach, and recommended a series of works solutions. Major recommendations included stabilisation of dune system with a program of fenced plantings and access ways over an area measuring 50 metreswide by 400 metres long.

Newcastle's Dixon Park Beach is part of a small embayment approximately 1 kilometre long, bounded by a minor headland to the north and a headland to the south. The Dixon Park Beach project undertaken as part of the Beach Improvement Program in 1978 involved restoration of the beach amenity in the form of a large beach area, erosion control in the form of revetment construction, and improved access by way of steps, paths and boat ramp.

The embayment stretching from Galvin Park to Towradgi Beach Park in the Wollongong region was a site for a number of works undertaken as part of the Beach Improvement Programme in 1978. Terminal revetments were constructed at Towradgi and Galvin Park, protecting recreational activities, with dune stabilisation works completed from Fairymeadow Beach to Towradgi Beach. Sand for dune stabilisation works was excavated from the hind dune area, and placed in the frontal area to rebuild a continuous and effective frontal dune system. Dune were planted with marram grass and fenced, with access ways constructed at appropriate locations.

Apollo Bay and Marengo Beach backs onto the Great Ocean Road, a highly popular tourist road. Stage 1 of the coastal erosion management works were delivered in June 2021, including the construction of three rock groynes and approximately 900 metres of rock wall. The groynes hold sand on the beach and the seawall protects the Great Ocean Road, foreshore path, cypress trees and other assets.

Beach renourishment works at Indented Head is part of a series of beach renourishments on the northern Bellarine Peninsula, with almost 30,000 cubic metres of sand having been distributed across four beaches at Indented Head and St Leonards over the last two years. By increasing the width of the beach along a 200-metre stretch, the works provide protection for infrastructure behind the foreshore, including the low-lying coastal trail.

This project incorporates fish friendly rock fillets as a component of bank stabilization works to be undertaken at Chickiba Creek Ballina. Bank erosion is impacting riparian vegetation at the subject site.

Bamboo brush plugs for mangrove restoration are a cost effective and rapid alternative to traditional planting methods for restoration. The device captures the seeds that naturally occur within that river system, ensuring germination of mangroves occur in areas where they would usually be found within that system. The biodegradable bamboo brush plugs can be installed at any time of year, and captures between 3-4 seasons worth of seeds before degrading.

Over the past 100 years major clearance of mangroves and dredging activities have taken place in Careel Bay, Crystal Bay Winji Jimi Bay, Winnererremy Bay and Mc Cars Creek. Current boating activities on Pittwater not only generate waves but also affect the wave angle and the form of breaking on the shore. Given the volume of vessel movements this can modify the sediment movement along the shoreline causing both erosion and accretion. Low-cost solutions for shoreline protection range from mangroves in the more sheltered regions to cobbles and beneficial re-arrangement of existing shoreline rocks in the more exposed areas.

Historical dredging activities has resulted in disturbances to the majority of foreshores of the Narrabeen Lagoon. Occasional mangrove establishment since artificially opening the Lagoon to the sea in 1975, however shoreline reed beds have proved the most effective for stabilising the foreshore. The ready proliferation of reed beds is possible due to the low wave, modest water level change and small current environment of the lagoon.

Yitpi Yartapuultiku, meaning ‘Soul of Port Adelaide’ in Kaurna, will be a new Aboriginal Cultural Destination in Port Adelaide. The design concept includes South Australia's first large scale Living Shoreline which acts as an ecological response to safeguarding the site from erosion and sea level rise and will profile key elements of our local environment.

Bamboo brush plugs for dune restoration are a cost effective and rapid alternative to traditional dune restoration methods. The device has been used by Port Macquarie Council in dune restoration to capture sands that would usually be eroded away, and to create a protected environment for beneficial plant species to grow.

The project involves 400m of rock filets installed to stabilise creekbanks through encouraging mangrove recruitment and restoration of the riparian zone.

The project involves large wood fillets and oyster shells as a component of bank stabilisation works.

The project involves installation of BESE-elements adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation.

The project involves cobble beaching in front of sparse mangroves as a component of bank stabilisation works.

Rock fillets are constructed adjacent to eroding estuary banks for stabilisation.

The project involves rock fillets, rock revetment, large wood materials, cobble beaching, oyster shell reef, and active vegetation as components of bank stabilisation works. Grey and River mangroves are present at the site.

The project involves cobble beaching as a component of bank stabilisation works, no mangroves are present at the site.

The project involves cobble beaching as a component of bank stabilisation works at various points along Lansdowne River.

The project involves installation of large wood materials, oyster shell reef, and active revegetation as components of bank stabilisation works.